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1 假溶原(Psedolysogeny)和攜帶者狀態(tài)(carrier state)定義 1.1 回顧混亂的定義歷程
綜上所述,研究人員早已認(rèn)識(shí)到噬菌體-宿主相互作用的復(fù)雜性,超出了經(jīng)典的裂解-溶原途徑。然而,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)關(guān)于噬菌體假溶原/攜帶者狀態(tài)的概念和術(shù)語(yǔ)上的混淆,猶如盲人摸象(圖1),阻礙了這類(lèi)超越經(jīng)典的裂解-溶原途徑的相關(guān)研究的進(jìn)展。
1.2 單細(xì)胞水平或群體水平進(jìn)行重新定義
圖2 假溶原/攜帶者狀態(tài)的感染策略模式圖[8]。(A)假溶原狀態(tài)顯示一個(gè)停滯的噬菌體發(fā)育階段,其中未整合的噬菌體基因組不對(duì)稱(chēng)地傳遞給子代細(xì)胞。子代細(xì)胞可能通過(guò)噬菌體基因組的遺傳或免疫因子(如噬菌體P22)對(duì)重復(fù)感染產(chǎn)生抗性(用紅色“×”表示)。隨后的細(xì)胞分裂稀釋免疫因子,細(xì)菌亞群最終對(duì)噬菌體感染變得敏感(用綠色“√”表示)。(B)攜帶者狀態(tài)描述噬菌體和細(xì)菌的混合物處于群體水平上的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,這是由于抗性細(xì)菌中存在敏感變異(易受噬菌體感染,因此容易發(fā)生噬菌體誘導(dǎo)裂解)??故删w的亞群可能是由宿主細(xì)胞的遺傳和生理變化引起的。如圖,噬菌體受體(野生型菌毛,橙色)的缺乏(無(wú)菌毛)或表型變化(菌毛突變體,藍(lán)色)或細(xì)胞內(nèi)噬菌體顆粒的存在誘導(dǎo)了噬菌體抗性的產(chǎn)生
2 噬菌體假溶原/攜帶者狀態(tài)的研究進(jìn)展
近期,王鵬/樂(lè)率團(tuán)隊(duì)[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)鼠疫耶爾森氏菌(Yersinia pestis)噬菌體HQ103存在攜帶者狀態(tài)。而且,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鼠疫菌編碼的組蛋白樣核結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白H-NS在21℃高表達(dá),以沉默該噬菌體的Cox啟動(dòng)子Pe,從而抑制其進(jìn)入裂解周期;而在37℃時(shí),由于鼠疫菌H-NS的減少,且該噬菌體抑制蛋白CI的截短以及啟動(dòng)子Pc的突變,從而使噬菌體HQ103從攜帶者狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成裂解狀態(tài),裂解鼠疫菌(圖5)。同時(shí),經(jīng)土壤中細(xì)菌-噬菌體協(xié)同進(jìn)化實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),在環(huán)境溫度(21℃)下,噬菌體HQ103的攜帶者狀態(tài)可以促進(jìn)噬菌體-宿主菌共存(圖5)。
圖5 鼠疫菌編碼的溫度依賴(lài)性的組蛋白樣核結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白H-NS調(diào)控噬菌體HQ103裂解-攜帶者狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換的機(jī)制示意圖[13]
3 噬菌體假溶原/攜帶者狀態(tài)的研究挑戰(zhàn) 近些年,越來(lái)越多的噬菌體呈現(xiàn)假溶原/攜帶者狀態(tài),體現(xiàn)了噬菌體假溶原/攜帶者狀態(tài)的普遍性,其具有重要的生態(tài)學(xué)意義,挑戰(zhàn)了傳統(tǒng)的裂解-溶原途徑。但是,基于它們可能是條件依賴(lài)的,短暫的或僅發(fā)生在受感染宿主細(xì)菌群體的一部分,處于假溶原/攜帶者狀態(tài)的噬菌體經(jīng)常被忽視,局限了學(xué)者對(duì)它們的認(rèn)識(shí)和重視,希望本文的簡(jiǎn)述能引起學(xué)者的關(guān)注和促進(jìn)相關(guān)研究。 [1] Stent GS. Bacterial Viruses. (Book Reviews: Molecular Biology of Bacterial Viruses). Science, 1964. 143. [2] Baess I. Report on a pseudolysogenic mycobacterium and a review of the literature concerning pseudolysogeny. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B Microbiol Immunol, 1971. 79(3): p. 428-34. [3] Barksdale L and Arden SB. Persisting bacteriophage infections, lysogeny, and phage conversions. Annu Rev Microbiol, 1974. 28(0): p. 265-99. [4] Ackermann HW and Dubow MS. Viruses of prokaryotes. CRC Press, 1987. [5] Ripp S and Miller RV. The role of pseudolysogeny in bacteriophage-host interactions in a natural freshwater environment. Microbiology (Reading), 1997. 143(6): p. 2065-2070. [6] RippS and Miller RV. Dynamics of the pseudolysogenic response in slowly growing cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiology (Reading), 1998. 144 ( Pt 8): p. 2225-2232. [7] Abedon ST. Disambiguating bacteriophage pseudolysogeny: an historical analysis of lysogeny, pseudolysogeny,and the phage carrier state. In Contemporary trends in bacteriophage research(ed. HT Aadms), 2009. pp 285-307. New York, NY: Nova Science Publisher. [8] M?ntynen S, Laanto E, Oksanen HM, Poranen MM and Diaz-Munoz SL. Black box of phage-bacterium interactions: exploring alternative phage infection strategies. Open Biol, 2021. 11(9): p. 210188. [9] Brathwaite KJ, Siringan P, Connerton PL and Connerton IF, Host adaption to the bacteriophage carrier state of Campylobacter jejuni. Res Microbiol, 2015. 166(6): p. 504-15. [10] Liang L and Connerton IF. FlhF(T368A) modulates motility in the bacteriophage carrier state of Campylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol, 2018. 110(4): p. 616-633. [11] Cenens, W., et al., Viral Transmission Dynamics at Single-Cell Resolution Reveal Transiently Immune Subpopulations Caused by a Carrier State Association. PLoS Genet, 2015. 11(12): p. e1005770. [12] Staes I, Backer LE, Simones K, Lavigne R, Bernaerts K, and Aertsen A. Superinfection exclusion factors drive a history-dependent switch from vertical to horizontal phage transmission. Cell Rep, 2022. 39(6): p. 110804. [13] Yang LH, Wang J, Lu SG, Zhong YH, Xong K, Liu XX, Liu B, Wang XX, Wang P and Le S. Temperature-dependent carrier state mediated by H-NS promotes the long-term coexistence of Y. pestis and a phage in soil. PLoS Pathog, 2023. 19(6): p. e1011470. 專(zhuān)家簡(jiǎn)介
國(guó)家獸藥產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新聯(lián)盟 National veterinary drug industry technology innovation alliance |
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